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Today (June 8)
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June 8  Bill Newton (8 June 1919 – 29 March 1943) was an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross, honoured for his actions as a bomber pilot in Papua New Guinea during March 1943. Raised in Melbourne, he joined the Citizen Military Forces in 1938 and enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in February 1940. He served as a flying instructor in Australia before being posted to No. 22 Squadron, which began operating Boston light bombers in New Guinea late in 1942. Having just taken part in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, he was on his fifty-second mission when he was shot down. Newton was still posted as missing when given the Victoria Cross in October 1943. It later emerged that he was captured by the Japanese and beheaded. Newton was the only Australian airman to receive a Victoria Cross for action in the South West Pacific theatre of World War II, and the sole Australian to be so decorated while flying with an RAAF squadron. (Full article...)
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 Margaret Bondfield
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June 8
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Tomorrow (June 9)
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June 9  Mos Def
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_(14771247134).jpg) Abraham Whipple
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June 9
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In two days (June 10)
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June 10  Marasmius rotula, the pinwheel mushroom, is a fungus in the family Marasmiaceae. Widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, it was first described scientifically in 1772 by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli. The mushrooms are characterized by thin whitish caps up to 2.0 cm (0.8 in) wide that are sunken in the center and pleated with scalloped margins. The wiry black hollow stalks measure up to 8.0 cm (3.1 in) long by 1.5 mm (0.06 in) thick. On the underside of the caps are widely spaced white gills, attached to a collar encircling the stalk. The mushrooms grow in groups or clusters on decaying wood such as moss-covered logs and stumps. Spore release is dependent upon sufficient moisture. Dried mushrooms may revive after rehydrating and release spores for up to three weeks, much longer than most gilled mushrooms. Although the mushrooms are not generally considered edible, they produce a unique peroxidase enzyme that is attracting research interest for use in bioengineering applications. (Full article...)
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June 10: Dragon Boat Festival in China (2024)  John Diefenbaker
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June 10 The discography of SZA, an American singer-songwriter, includes two studio albums, three extended plays (EPs), one live album, and forty-four singles, as of 2024. After self-releasing her first two EPs, SZA signed to the record label Top Dawg Entertainment, under which she released her 2017 debut studio album, Ctrl. The album peaked at number three in the United States Billboard 200, charted there for more than five years, and earned SZA some of her first Grammy nominations in 2018. After a five-year wait, during which SZA appeared in three top-10 collaborations, she released SOS, her second studio album. It became SZA's first number-one album in several countries, was the US's third best-selling album of 2023, and spawned "Kill Bill", the third best-selling single of the year worldwide. SZA's next projects are a deluxe edition of SOS and her third studio album, Lana. Ctrl and SOS have been ranked by Rolling Stone as among the 500 greatest albums of all time. (Full list...)
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In three days (June 11)
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June 11  Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and began to work as a sports broadcaster in Iowa. In 1937, he moved to California, and became a well-known film actor there. From 1947 to 1952, and from 1959 to 1960, Reagan served as the president of the Screen Actors Guild. He was defeated in his run for the Republican presidential nomination in the 1968 election as well as the 1976 election, but won both the nomination and election in the 1980 election. As president, Reagan implemented new political initiatives as well as economic policies, advocating a laissez-faire philosophy, but the extent to which these ideas were implemented is debatable. The policies, dubbed "Reaganomics", included substantial tax cuts implemented in 1981. (Full article...)
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.jpg) Catherine of Aragon
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In four days (June 12)
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June 12  Interior of Incapillo Incapillo is a Pleistocene-age caldera – a depression formed by the collapse of a volcano – in La Rioja Province, Argentina. It is part of the southernmost volcanic centre in the Andean Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ). Subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate is responsible for most of the volcanism in the CVZ. Volcanism commenced in the Incapillo region 6.5 million years ago, forming the high volcanic edifices of Monte Pissis, Cerro Bonete Chico and Sierra de Veladero. Incapillo is known to have erupted the Incapillo ignimbrite 0.52 ± 0.03 and 0.51 ± 0.04 million years ago; this has a total volume of about 20.4 cubic kilometres (4.9 cu mi). A caldera with dimensions of 5 by 6 kilometres (3.1 mi × 3.7 mi) formed during the eruptions. Later volcanism generated more lava domes within the caldera and a debris flow in the Sierra de Veladero. The lake within the caldera may overlie an area of ongoing hydrothermal activity. (Full article...)
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June 12: First day of Shavuot (Judaism, 2024); Dia dos Namorados in Brazil; Loving Day in the United States (1967) Reagan speaking at the Brandenburg Gate
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In five days (June 13)
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June 13  Wreckage from the Battle of Villers-Bocage The Battle of Villers-Bocage took place on 13 June 1944 during World War II. Following the D-Day landings on 6 June, the Germans established defences in front of Caen. The British attacked in an attempt to exploit a gap in the German defences west of the city. They reached Villers-Bocage without incident in the morning but were ambushed by Tiger I tanks as they left the town and numerous tanks, anti-tank guns and transport vehicles were destroyed. The Germans then attacked the town but were repulsed. The British withdrew west of Villers-Bocage that evening and repulsed another attack the next day. The British conduct in the battle was controversial because their withdrawal marked the end of the post–D-Day "scramble for ground" and the start of an attritional battle for Caen. Some historians wrote that the British attack was a failure caused by a lack of conviction among some senior commanders; others judged the British force to be insufficiently strong for the task. (Full article...)
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In six days (June 14)
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June 14  Cover of the November 1933 issue The Spider was an American pulp magazine published by Popular Publications from 1933 to 1943. Every issue included a lead novel featuring the Spider, a heroic crime-fighter. The novels in the first two issues were written by R. T. M. Scott; thereafter every lead novel was credited to "Grant Stockbridge", a house name. Norvell Page, a prolific pulp author, wrote most of these. Unlike some contemporary pulp heroes, The Spider was willing to kill criminals, and when he did so he left a red spider inked on his victims. Page in particular wrote stories with violent storylines, often with science-fiction plot devices. Continuity from novel to novel was often disregarded, with characters killed in one issue appearing unscathed in later issues. Each magazine also featured short stories, occasionally including elements of horror fiction. Most of the cover art was painted by John Newton Howitt or Rafael de Soto. The magazine was cancelled in 1943 due to a paper shortage caused by World War II. (Full article...)
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,_f.172_-_BL_Royal_MS_18_E_I.jpg) Killing of Sudbury and Hales
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June 14 In England, buildings of particular architectural and/or historic interest can be given special protection through listing. Around 500,000 buildings are listed, at one of three grades; Grade I, the most important and applying to only 2.5% of all listed buildings, Grade II*, the next highest, and Grade II. The age of a building is relevant, very few buildings built less than 30 years ago are considered suitable for listing. Thus, no buildings completed in the 21st century have yet been listed. Those completed in the 20th century and given Grade I listing include cathedrals, churches, chapels, war memorials, houses, bridges, factories, galleries, university structures, animal enclosures and a bike shed. The most recent building to be designated Grade I is Colin St John Wilson's British Library, constructed between 1982 and 1999 and the newest designation is for the New House, Wadhurst Park by John Outram, listed in July 2020. The architect with most Grade I 20th century buildings to their name is Edwin Lutyens, followed by Arne Jacobsen. (Full list...)
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In seven days (June 15)
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June 15  Conway Hall, London Kevin Gately died on 15 June 1974 as the result of a head injury received in the Red Lion Square public disorder in London while protesting against the National Front, a far-right, British fascist party. Gately, a 20-year-old student, was not a member of any organisation. On 15 June, the National Front held a march through central London in support of the expulsion of immigrants. A counter-demonstration was planned by Liberation, an anti-colonial pressure group. When the Liberation march reached Red Lion Square, the International Marxist Group twice charged the police cordon blocking access to Conway Hall (pictured). Police reinforcements forced the demonstrators out of the square. Gately was found unconscious on the ground. He was taken to hospital and died later that day. A public inquiry into the events was conducted by Lord Scarman, who found no evidence that Gately had been killed by the police, although he found fault with some police actions. There was further violence associated with National Front marches and the counter-demonstrations they faced, including in Birmingham, Manchester, and the East End of London (all in 1977), and in Southall in 1979, which led to the death of Blair Peach. (Full article...)
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June 15: Day of Arafah (Islam, 2024); King's Official Birthday in the United Kingdom (2024)  Bessie Coleman
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June 15
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